Tom Coster – Psychology

Tag: IB

  • How do we teach Psychology conceptually?

    Here’s a question that’s been bouncing around: ‘What do we mean when we say psychology is conceptual?’

    It sounds like academic jargon, I know. But stick with me, because this idea gets right to the heart of what makes psychology such a fascinating and essentially human field.

    What ‘conceptual’ means

    When we say psychology is conceptual, we’re pointing to something fundamental: the things psychologists study aren’t sitting out there in nature waiting to be discovered, like gold deposits or new species of beetle.

    Think about it. ‘Memory’, ‘aggression’, ‘intelligence’, ‘attachment’, ‘depression’… these are all human-created concepts. We invented them. We drew the boundaries. We decided what counts as ‘aggression’ versus ‘assertiveness’, where ‘normal anxiety’ ends and ‘anxiety disorder’ begins, and what behaviors signal ‘secure attachment’.

    These aren’t discoveries of pre-existing, naturally occuring things. They’re useful ways we’ve carved up the messy, continuous reality of human behavior.

    Concepts change with time and culture

    Here’s where it gets interesting. If psychological concepts were natural features, fixed features of reality, they’d be universal and unchanging. And of course, they’re not.

    The concept of ADHD didn’t exist 100 years ago. ‘Hysteria’ was once a major diagnostic category; now it’s vanished from our textbooks. Different cultures conceptualize mental states in different ways. Some languages don’t even have a word that maps onto our concept of ‘depression’.

    Our psychological concepts are also theory-laden. When we talk about ‘working memory’, we’re not just describing something neutral, we’re buying into a particular model of how cognition works. When Freudians spoke of ‘ego defence mechanisms’, they were smuggling in a whole theoretical framework.

    So what’s the alternative?

    If psychology is conceptual, what would it look like if it weren’t?

    The alternative would be studying human behavior and experience as purely physical or biological phenomena. We’d focus only on directly measurable, observer-independent entities: neurons firing, neurotransmitter concentrations, brain structures, hormone levels, reaction times, genetic markers…

    This would be neuroscience or physiology: concrete, physical, and measurable.

    The problem is…

    The problem is that most of what makes us human: love, identity, grief, creativity, the search for meaning…, these can’t be fully captured by purely physical descriptions.

    You could give me a complete neural map of everything happening in someone’s brain during grief. Every synapse, every chemical cascade, every pattern of activation. And yet that description wouldn’t capture what grief is as a human experience. It wouldn’t tell you what it means to lose someone you love.

    Living in the tension

    This is why psychology occupies such uncomfortable territory. It sits between the natural sciences, which study observer-independent physical phenomena, and the human sciences, which study meaning-laden, conceptual phenomena.

    Psychology is both at once. It studies real biological processes and culturally-situated concepts. It measures objective behaviors and interprets subjective meanings. It discovers and constructs.

    This creates unique methodological and philosophical challenges. But it’s also what makes psychology  interesting. We’re not just measuring things; we’re constantly negotiating what those things even are.

    And that’s not a weakness. It’s the nature of studying something as complex, dynamic, and meaning-soaked as human experience.

    What do you think? Does recognizing psychology as conceptual make it less scientific or does it make it more honest about what science of the human mind can actually be?

  • Why Research Studies Still Matter in Teaching Psychology

    One of the quiet revolutions in teaching IB Psychology is this: our students no longer need to memorise outlines of 200 or more studies, each with two strengths and two limitations. That’s worth celebrating. It makes our subject lighter, more engaging, and far more relevant. Students can now focus on developing critical thinking, connecting concepts, and applying their knowledge rather than playing flashcard games with endless lists of studies.

    But let’s not forget: research is the scientific foundation of psychology.

    Would you teach ethics in psychology without telling your students about Little Albert and the white rat, Zimbardo’s appalling Stanford Prison Study, or Milgram’s not-so-appalling obedience experiments? Of course not. These are the stories that not only illustrate concepts but also bring to life the ethical debates that shape our subject.

    Would we introduce social identity theory without Sherif’s Robbers Cave study? Could we possibly explain observational learning without Albert Bandura’s endlessly punched Bobo doll? And when we turn to methods, what better way to anchor quasi-experiments and neuroplasticity than Eleanor Maguire’s London taxi drivers, or to illuminate the case study method than Henri Molaison, whose memory loss is legendary?

    The point is simple: research gives psychology its credibility.

    Yes, assessment criteria don’t explicitly require studies by name. Students aren’t graded on whether they remember that it was 22 boys in Sherif’s camp or 72 children in Bandura’s playroom. But to teach any of the IB Psychology concepts with integrity, we must draw upon the research that produced them. Without robust studies and their conclusions, our discipline risks floating away into abstraction, detached from the science that grounds it.

    So let’s celebrate freedom from rote memorisation, but let’s also celebrate the research itself. Studies are not an add-on; they are the very evidence that makes psychology worth studying.

  • A New School Year – Wherever You Are

    Whether you’re in your very first year of teaching IBDP Psychology or your thirtieth, in some ways it doesn’t matter. You’re standing in front of a new set of students. Fresh faces, fresh questions, and—if we’re honest—fresh challenges.

    Same but different.

    Maybe you’re teaching in the same school you once sat in as a student yourself, or maybe you’re on the other side of the globe—Morocco, Mauritius, Oman, Albania. Again, that’s not really the point. Because teaching, at its heart, is about guiding and supporting your students, wherever you happen to be.

    Yes, I know… the year will kick off with a few staff meetings. Some will be useful. Others… well, let’s just say “less so.” If you find yourself in one of those, you could quietly plan a lesson or even play a quick game of chess from the back row. (Not that I’m encouraging mischief, of course.)

    Your first lessons aren’t about ploughing through the syllabus—they’re about setting the tone. Letting students (and their parents) know they’re in safe, well-prepared hands.

    You might kick off with an introduction to the experimental method—perhaps demonstrating the Stroop Effect to show how something as simple as reading a word can become surprisingly tricky when colour and meaning clash.

    Or you might spark a discussion about human behaviour:

    • Why are some people passionately in favour of immigration to the UK, while others are equally passionately opposed?
    • Why do some students show up every single day, while others are unfazed by missing lessons?
    • Why are some people shy while others brim with confidence?

    Or perhaps you want to open with ethical considerations—just a quick, engaging chat about Zimbardo’s prison study or Watson and Rayner’s famous “Little Albert” experiment. You could even take your students into the playground to observe younger children for prosocial behaviours—psychology in action from day one.

    Whatever you choose, choose something that excites you. That enthusiasm is contagious.

    And, you know, take very good care of yourself.

    So here’s to the start of your year—new students, new questions, new discoveries. Wherever you are in the world, whatever your teaching style, we’re wishing you all the very best.

    —Tom

  • Estonia, mobile phones and students.

    Newsflash: Estonia’s Minister of Education and Research, Kristina Kallas, emphasized Estonia’s proactive and open approach to digital tools in education during a speech at the Education World Forum in London. Unlike many European countries that are cautious about screen time and mobile phone use in schools, Estonia encourages the use of smartphones for learning. Schools set their own rules, and students—particularly those aged 16 and up who are eligible to vote online—are expected to use their phones as tools for both civic participation and education. Kallas notes the absence of problems related to mobile use, crediting Estonia’s digitally fluent society and schools’ autonomy.

    Kallas highlighted Estonia’s long-standing digital investment, starting with the 1997 Tiigrihüpe (Tiger Leap) programme, which brought internet access to all schools. Now, the country is embracing AI and smartphone technology as the next evolution in education. Kallas predicts the decline of traditional homework essays and rote learning, pushing instead for a focus on oral assessment and the development of high-level cognitive skills. She frames this shift as essential in keeping pace with the capabilities of AI, warning that if humans don’t evolve cognitively, technology may overtake them.

    Yes. The most powerful learning tool ever, so let’s teach students how to make the best use of them. Teaching… it’s what we do.

    As teachers, we’ve all been part of the debate: are mobile phones a distraction or a tool in the classroom? Estonia’s Minister of Education, Kristina Kallas, offered a refreshing perspective this week that challenges many of our assumptions. In Estonia, mobile phones are not banned in schools—they’re embraced. Why? Because they reflect the real world students are living in, and Estonia sees them as integral to learning and civic life. Sixteen-year-olds vote online using their phones. It would be illogical, Kallas argues, to deny them the same access in a classroom setting.

    This approach got me thinking. In IB Psychology, we ask students to critically evaluate, think metacognitively, and link psychological theory to the real world. What better way to model that than by integrating the very tools students already use to explore and interact with that world? Estonia isn’t ignoring the risks—phones aren’t used during breaks, and younger students face tighter limits—but they are trusting teachers and schools to manage these decisions locally.

    The most provocative idea Kallas raised is that AI may render essays and rote learning obsolete. That’s a bold claim. But if AI can generate knowledge quickly and accurately, then the role of education must shift towards helping students think better—to question, synthesise, communicate, and reflect. Isn’t that what we’re already trying to do in the IB?

    Rather than fight the tide, maybe we should, like Estonia, ride it. But there’s no maybe about it. We should. We must!Our job, our responsibility, is to help students use them correctly, with integrity and responsibilty and respect.

  • The In Class Practicals

    One of the most exciting features of the new IB Diploma Psychology course is the emphasis on class practicals, which give both Standard Level (SL) and Higher Level (HL) students a chance to engage directly with psychological research methods. These activities are more than just experiments, they are designed to support critical discussion of each research approach, helping students build practical understanding while making connections to real-world contexts.

    Class practicals are embedded into each of the course’s four contexts: Health and Well-being, Learning and Cognition, Human Development, and Human Relationships. Each context is linked with a specific research method:

    • In Health and Well-being: Interview.
    • In Learning and Cognition: Experiment.
    • In Human Development: Observation.
    • In Human Relationships: Survey/Questionnaire.
    Interview

    Each Context in the Subject Guide includes a list of suggested class practicals, but these are examples only and teachers are encouraged to tailor the activities to their own students and their local setting. For instance, under the Health and Well-being context, students could conduct focus group interviews on how peers manage stress, or investigate student perceptions of mindfulness practices after a class activity. Other examples include semi-structured interviews with professionals such as school counsellors or fitness coaches, or interviews exploring links between social media use and self-esteem, or exercise habits and mood.

    Importantly, Tom Coster’s Textbook includes dedicated guidance for the In Class Practicals in each context, helping both teachers and students make the most of these learning opportunities.

    The In Class Practical is not just a learning activity — it is also formally assessed in Paper 2, Section A, where students respond to four structured questions related to one of the 4 Practicals they completed. These questions test students’ understanding of methodology, concepts like bias or ethics, and the ability to design or compare research approaches.

    In short, In Class Practicals bring psychology to life, giving students the opportunity to be researchers themselves and fostering deeper, more critical engagement with the subject.

    Here is a free downloadable document describing how to complete the In-Class Practical for an interview. It includes summary notes that students would use to prepare for Paper 2 Section A.

    Class PracticalDownload

  • Class practicals in the new DP Psychology course – are…

    …a piece of cake!

    The new IBDP Psychology syllabus introduces “Class Practicals” — and understandably, many teachers are expressing some concern. But there’s good news: they’re not as big a deal as they might seem.

    First, students don’t need to each design and carry out four practicals independently. These are class activities, best done together during regular class time or in school, using the 4 research methods to prepare for Paper 1 Section B. The aim is to build understanding of experimental design, data collection, and critical thinking — not to create publishable research.

    Each of the four required Class Practicals aligns with a key method in the syllabus: experiment, observation, interview, and survey/questionnaire. Teachers are encouraged to guide the design and implementation, ensuring all students participate and reflect on the process.

    If you’re looking for support, Tom Coster’s IBDP Psychology: The Textbook is a must-have. It provides clear explanations, guidance, and a ready-to-use example for each practical. With good planning and a collaborative classroom approach, these activities can be both manageable and meaningful.

  • A real-world issue for the in-class practicals

    The new IB Diploma Psychology course requires students to take part in four teacher-guided in-class practicals: an interview, an experiment, an observation, and a survey/questionnaire. We’re looking for issues that feel real and relevant to our students, and few topics are more urgent right now than the mental health crisis among young people.

    A recent UN-commissioned study by Jean Twenge and David Blanchflower has revealed a shocking reversal of the traditional “U-shaped” wellbeing curve. Happiness no longer dips in midlife—it now rises steadily with age, while young people are reporting record-low levels of life satisfaction. In six major English-speaking countries (UK, US, Ireland, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand), wellbeing among teenagers has plummeted—especially for young women.

    Teenager wellbeing

    One clear suspect? Smartphones and social media.

    This trend didn’t start with COVID-19. It dates back to around 2013 and has only worsened. Young people are reportedly more isolated, less socially engaged, and more exposed to cyberbullying and body shaming.

    This is exactly the kind of real-world phenomenon that DP Psychology students could—and should—investigate through in-class practicals. Imagine students designing ethical, small-scale studies examining screen time, social media use, and indicators of wellbeing among peers. It’s relevant, measurable, and personally meaningful to them.

    But maybe there are other possibilities, such as a shortage of good quality sleep. Diet? The mass media? The topsy-turvy economy and jobs market? Or maybe the teenage years were never really the greatest time of our life.

    We may not solve a global crisis in one classroom, but maybe we will start asking the right questions.

    Smartphones? Lack of sleep? Mass media? Music? Exams? Or maybe it’s ‘just a phase’

    Note that our Textbook includes a detailed section including examples of the In Class Practicals.

  • IBDP Psychology and peace negotiations

    Understanding conflict is important for peace in Ukraine. Two elements of the IBDP Psychology course would help both Ukraine and Russia achieve peace – if that’s what they want.

    Peace tnrough IBDP Psychology

    If peace is the goal, Sherif et al. (1957)’s The Robbers Cave Study and Henri Tajfel’s Social Identity Theory offer hope.

    In the Robbers Cave Study, Sherif divided teenage boys at a summer camp into two competing groups. Initially, they bonded in their own groups. When competition was introduced, hostility erupted between the groups. Tbe conflict was resolved when the boys were given superordinate goals – to fix a leaking water tank. Working together, the mete act of required cooperation against a shared problem, turned the rival groups into allies.

    Henri Tajfel’s Social Identity Theory (SIT) explains how people categorize themselves into groups, leading to an “us vs. them” state – emphasis on the ‘versus’. The perceived difference triggers conflict. But SIT also shows that group identities can be reshaped. When people see themselves as part of a larger, inclusive group, intergroup conflict decreases, cooperation is possible and peace between previously warring groups can occur.

    Applying this knowledge about human behavior can lead to peace in Ukraine and Russia. It’s about creating shared goals and identities. The Orthodox church leaders in Russia and Ukraine could play a role here. Instead of reinforcing divisions, the church leaders could highlight common interests: we are more alike than different. Economic leaders such as the IMF could show that both countries, working together through a Free Trade Agreement could achieve economic growth and, more importantly, economic development.

    Of course, this presupposes that both Ukraine and Russia want peace.